New online spaces and practices for political participation

Many opinions have been voiced about how social media can contribute to enhancing political interest among youth, but the authors find that political engagement can only arise from an interest in politics.

_{Keating, A. [Avril] and Melis, G. [Gabriella]. (2017). Social media and youth political engagement: preaching to the converted or providing a new voice for youth? The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 19(4), 877-894. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148117718461}

The author argues that there has been an increase in youth participation in political activities, with youth reasserting their convictions in deliberations that take place using the new communication channels.

_{Storsul, T. [Tanja]. (2014). Deliberation or self-presentation?: young people, politics and social media. Nordicom Review, 35(2), 17-28. https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2014-0012}

A blog entry which explains the sources used by three different generations: baby boomers, millennials and Generation X. The information is obtained from a study carried out in the United States among a sample of 2,901 subjects, in which it is also possible to ascertain engagement with or interest in politics.

The use of Twitter and Facebook has been crucial for the success achieved by youth participation in socially and politically based activities.

_{Passini, S. [Stefano]. (2012). The facebook and twitter revolutions: active participation in the 21st century. Human Affairs, 22(3), 301-312. https://doi.org/10.2478/s13374-012-0025-0}

Through the use of software to monitor user behaviour, it is seen that they skip the content once its political content has been detected.

_{Bode, L. [Leticia], Vraga, E. [Emily] and Troller-Renfree, S. [Sonya]. (2017). Skipping politics: Measuring avoidance of political content in social media. Research & Politics, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168017702990}

It is possible to detect differences between conservatives and progressives, those who are in opposition parties and those who are members of more radical parties.

_{Vergeer, M. [Maurice], Hermans, L. [Liesbeth] and Sams, S. [Steven]. (2013). Online social networks and micro-blogging in political campaigning: The exploration of a new campaign tool and a new campaign style. Party Politics, 19(3), 477-501. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068811407580}

The study is based on Finnish elections between 2003 and 2015. A trend is observed toward mobilization and increased use of the internet and social media to find political information during electoral processes.

_{Strandberg, K. [Kim] and Carlson, T. [Tom]. (2016). Expanding the online political demos but maintaining the status quo? Internet and social media use by finnish voters prior to elections, 2003-15. Scandinavian Political Studies, 40(1), 82-106. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9477.12082}

The study, performed on Greek youth, surveys a sample of individuals with and without Facebook over a period of six months. The conclusion provides evidence of negative impacts on citizen and political participation.

_{Theocharis, Y. [Yannis] and Lowe, W. [Will]. (2015). Does Facebook increase political participation? Evidence from a field experiment. Information, Communication & Society, 19(10), 1465-1486. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1119871}

A study that explores the relationship between the use of platforms for online sociability and entertainment and political participation among young Singaporeans. It is found that the use of Facebook – but not online entertainment – increases political participation.

_{Skoric, M. [Marko] and Kwan, G. [Grace]. (2011). Do Facebook and video games promote political participation among youth? Evidence from Singapore. JeDEM - EJournal of EDemocracy and Open Government, 3(1), 70–79. https://doi.org/10.29379/jedem.v3i1.49}

Digital activism and the use of social media have led to the birth of grass-roots and political movements that could not be conceived without these communication channels. The authors interview 30 members of this party from different parts of the world.

_{Fredriksson, M. [Martin]. (2016). Piracy and the politics of social media. Social Sciences, 5(3), 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci5030041}

It also talks about the requirements, opposition and the different government models that illustrate the term.

Its articles come from disciplines such as psychology, electronic simulation, marketing and economics, that help research and discuss matters related to this subject. It is indexed by EBSCO, DOAJ and Google Scholar.

It describes the new channels that the technology has opened, the use made by civil activists and the new forms of participation that have emerged.

_{Milakovich, M. [Michael]. (2010). The Internet and Increased Citizen Participation in Government. JeDEM - EJournal of EDemocracy and Open Government, 2(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.29379/jedem.v2i1.22}

Practitioners of e-democracy need to make the political parties understand that they want to work together and not in parallel. A gap is being created between participants of the two democracies.

_{Kreiss, D. [Daniel]. (2015). The Problem of Citizens: E-Democracy for Actually Existing Democracy. Social Media + Society, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305115616151}

Citizen participation is shown in the two examples analysed: the initiative implemented by the local government of Milton Keynes in the United Kingdom and Iceland's institutional crowdsourcing.

_{Freeman, J. [Julie] and Quirke, S. [Sharna]. (2013). Understanding E-Democracy Government-Led Initiatives for Democratic Reform. JeDEM - EJournal of EDemocracy and Open Government, 5(2), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.29379/jedem.v5i2.221}

She encourages youth to engage more with day-to-day politics and demand more transparency in the processes carried out by governments, using the technologies in which they are experts.

Technology is providing improved access to political participation, but the legal framework and resistance by political rulers are preventing more extensive democratization.

Modern technologies enable increased citizen participation and a higher level of institutional transparency. Beth Noveck was the chief technology officer at the White House and led President Barack Obama's Open Government initiative.

A talk given by Jennifer Pahlka, who proposes the idea that government should behave like the internet, becoming more open and permissive. Citizen initiatives and technology bring less costly global improvements. Likewise, this technology can bring about greater communication between government and its citizens.

This alliance aims to ensure that governments are more transparent and accountable with the final objective of improving the quality of the services citizens receive.

E-government, also known as electronic government, e-gov, Internet government, digital government, online government or connected government, is a new alternative for interaction between citizens (natural persons) and businesses (legal persons) and the state, regional and local administrations and town councils, among others. It is based on the use of the information and communication technologies (ICT) to design, develop and implement digital tools and environments enabling communication and administrative procedures between citizens and businesses with the administrations and is supported and motivated by constant organizational and legal changes.

Participants in this activity can perform speeches given by politicians around the world and viewers can hear what politicians are really saying.

A project created by Democracia en Red in Argentina, it is available in 15 languages and is easy to install.

The Democracy Earth foundation was created in 2015 by Santiago Siri and Pia Mancini. It builds tools for upholding democratic values and advocates government decentralization, transparency and incorruptibility.

This website includes 34 countries and is available in 28 languages. It focuses on eight main themes: European Solidarity Corps, Working, Learning, Have your Say, Culture and creativity, Social inclusion, Think global, Travelling.

It is part of the European Youth Portal, which includes 34 countries and is available in 28 languages. It focuses on eight main themes: European Solidarity Corps, Working, Learning, Have your Say, Culture and creativity, Social inclusion, Think global, Travelling.